FULANI / FUL-FULDE

....a wani binceke da akayi akan tarihin Fulani (duk da cewa marubuta littatafan basuyiwa yaren adalciba, sabida sunsa son zuciya acikin wasu bayanan) Amma sun manta da cewa kuma "idan rana tafito...."

 Hausawa ne suka laƙaba wa mutanen da muke kira "Fulani" wannan sunan"fulani". A hakika, abin da ake kira Fulani a yau ba kabila daya ba ce; hadaka ce ta cakude-cakuden kabilu daban-daban. Mbororo su ne asalin Fulbe, yayin da Toronkawa, Sullubawa, da Mallawa duka ba asalin Fulani ba ne. Haka zalika, "Fulanin" ba su da harshe guda daya da kowa ke ji a duk inda yake☹️ (Smith, 1960)

Mbororo.

"Mbororo" shi ne Asalin Fulbe

Wannan bincike ne da ke da goyon baya a wurin masana ilimin dan-adam (Anthropologists) daban-daban. Mbororo (Fulanin Daji) sun kiyaye kwayoyin halittarsu (DNA) da al'adunsu (Pulaaku) ba tare da sun cakuda da wasu kabilun ba. Yawancin wadanda ake kira "Fulanin Soro" ko "Fulanin Gari" sun riga sun zama cakudadden jini na kabilun da suka fito daga yankin Senegal, Gambia da Mali (Azarya, 1978).

Kalmar "Fulani".

A kasashen yamma, ana kiran su Peul, Fulbe (sunansu a harshensu), Peul / Peuhl, Fellata, Pulaar / Pular, sannan a Gambiya ana kiran su Fula. Kalmar "Fulani" kalma ce ta Hausa wadda suka lakaba musu daga kalmar "Fulbe".

Wato hakika, hadin kan da suka yi lokacin tawayen Jihadin 1804 ya sa kabilu daban-daban (Toronkawa, Sullubawa, Mallawa) suka dunkule karkashin inuwa guda domin manufar siyasa da addini; ko da yake tun dama duk sun narke sun karbi fulatanci.

Sullubawa

Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa Sullubawa (Shillubanke) suna da alaka mai karfi da mutanen Bambara wadanda suka fito daga Daular Mali. 

Masana kamar M.G. Smith sun bayyana cewa Sullubawa rukunin mutane ne da suka fito daga yankin Manding, kuma shigowarsu kasar Hausa ta samo asali ne daga hargitsinsu da fulani. Ko da yake tun a lokacin sun narke, suna magana da Fulfulde, kuma suna al'adun fulani har dai suka narke tas suka rasa yarensu, amma asalinsu na jini ya bambanta da na fulanin daji. (Smith, 1960).

Toronkawa

Toronkawa (kabilarsu Shehu Usman Dan Fodio) wasu masana na kallon su a matsayin "Social Class" maimakon kabila guda daya ta jini. 

Kalmar Torodbe ta fito ne daga kalmar "Tooro", wani yanki a kasar Senegal. Bincike ya nuna cewa Toronkawa hadakar kabilun Wolof, Serer, da kuma Fulbe ne. Bayan sun dade suna zaune wuri guda, suka saki asalinsu, suka karbi na fulani, suka dauki al'adun fulani. Da yawa daga cikin masana tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa yarensu na asali ba Fulfulde ba ne, sai dai sun dauki yaren ne saboda cudanya (Willis, 1978).

Mallawa

Mallawa suna da alaka ta kai tsaye da kasar Mali. Sunan kansa "Mallawa" ya nuna inda suka fito (Mali). A tarihi, kabilar Mandinka ita ce babbar kabilar da ta gudanar da Daular Mali. Hijirar tasu ta biyo bayan hargitsin Fulani da ya jawo rugujewar masarautu da canjin tsarin mulki; wasu daga cikinsu da yawa sun narke a cikin fulani.

Rashin  Harshe Guda Daya😎.

Fulani ba su da harshe guda daya da kowa ke ji, kuma hakan duk ya samu sadiyyar hadin gambizar kabilar. 

Misali: 

idan kana jin Hausa, duk inda aka yi Hausa a duniya za ka ji, duk bambancin dialect. Amma fulani ba haka ba ne; harshen ya kasu sama da kashi 12. Ga kadan daga ciki:

1. Fulfulde Adamawa – Najeriya, Kamaru

2. Fulfulde Sokoto/Kano – Najeriya da Nijar

3. Fulfulde Borgu – Benin & Najeriya

4. Fulfulde Massina – Mali

5. Pulaar Futa Toro – Senegal & Mauritania

6. Pular Futa Jallon – Guinea

7. Fulfulde Western Niger – Nijar

8. Fulfulde Chadian/Central African – Chadi & CAR

9. Fulfulde Gombe – Najeriya

Karshen Bayani

Gaba dayan Sullubawa masu kiran kansu Fulani a Nigeria, wadanda suke sarautar garuruwan Kano lokacin yake-yaken Fulani a kasar Hausa, ba Fulani ba ne; 'yan kabilar Bambara ne.

Gaba dayan su Dan Fodio da su Bello Bin Fodio, ba asalin Fulani ba ne; 'yan kabilar Torodbe ne (Toronkawa). Su Toronkawa da Dan Fodio sun dade da rasa yarensu na asali, wanda ake zaton Wolof ne. Su kuma Bambara Sullubawa har yanzu suna da yarensu.

Haka zalika, wadanda ake kira Mallawa ba Fulani ba ne; 'yan kabilar Mandinka ne daga Mali. Dukkansu sun shigo kasar Hausa ne lokacin da Askia Adamu ya fasa su a Mali, ya kama mulkin kama-karya, sai suka yi hijira; nan Hausawa suka amshe su.

A misali dai:

kamar duk wani dan Nigeria ne da ya tafi Turai idan ya hadu da wasu...za ku ga duk kun zama daya. To, haka kabilun da suka zo kasar Hausa daga yankunan Mali da Futa Toro suke kallon juna. 

Hausawa ne suka sanya musu sunan Fulani har suka fara amsa sunan da kansu; shi ne daga bisani suka hada kai domin kwace mulkin kasashen Hausa. Amma su ba asalin Fulbe ba ne.

Wadanda ake ganin za a kira su Fulbe su ne Mbororo. Wadannan masu cinyewa mutane amfanin gona, su dama ba su saba da zaman gari ba; arnan daji ne kawai. Shi ya sa ne ma su Shehu Dan Fodio suka yi bayani sosai akai, sai suka ce fulani kashi biyu ne: akwai na soro a cikin gari da na daji. 

To har yanzu, Mbororo mafi yawansu ba su yarda da zaman gari sosai ba. Su wadannan da suke kiran kansu fulanin cikin gari, ku tambaye su; ba asalin fulani ba ne, kowa ya san kabilarsa.

via-the2brothers-links ✍️

References:

• Azarya, V. (1978). Aristocrats Facing Change: The Fulbe in Guinea, Nigeria, and Cameroon. University of Chicago Press.

• Johnston, H. A. S. (1967). The Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford University Press.

• Smith, M. G. (1960). Government in Zazzau, 1800–1950. Oxford University Press.

• Willis, J. R. (1978). The Torodbe Clerisy: A Social View. The Journal of African History.

• Blench, R. (1994). The Expansion and Adaptation of Fulbe Pastoralism to Sub-humid Nigeria. Cahiers d'Études Africaines.

. Juanaid wazirin sokoto. "Tarihin fulani".